" Schemas are a way of organising knowledge, a way of learning, each relating to one of the world's aspects, like an object, action or abstract concept. Piaget developed the stages by following the children and coming to the following conclusions ( 6 ): 1. It begins around age two and lasts until approximately age seven. The metaphor I use to explain a “schema” is to imagine your mind is a filing cabinet, or your computer’s hard-drive. In general, all theorists studying cognitive development address three main issues: The typical course of cognitive development. Cognitive Schema: Piaget stated that a cognitive schema is a packet of knowledge that we have in our mind. They are fascinated with how they, and objects move. Definition. Vygotsky believed social language and egocentric speech play an important role in children's development. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a renowned psychologist of the 20th century and a pioneer in developmental child psychology. The word schema comes from the Greek word “σχήμα” (skhēma), which means shape, or more generally, plan. The agent will create new schemas and chains of schemas from existing schemas wherever possible following the execution of a schema or chain. In the sensorimotor stage (roughly 0–2 years of age), the child develops from a newborn capable only of basic reflexes (e. Children can identify themselves and other people as girls or boys (mummies or daddies). The Emotional Schema Model (EST) is an extension of the cognitive model to differences among individuals in theory of emotion. This leads to unpleasant sensation of disequilibrium. Piaget argued children and adults have schemas that dictate their behavior. This means that he believe humans, especially newborns and infants, portray their surrounding world through mental schema. There are different types of schemas, so when you think about air. Characteristics: Schema Theory Jeff Pankin Fall 2013 Basic Concepts Definition: Schema theory is a branch of cognitive science concerned with how the brain structures knowledge. Piaget definierade scheman som grundläggande kunskapsenheter som relaterade till alla aspekter av världen. Green, M. During the course of his extensive research, Piaget devised two terms, assimilation and accommodation, to describe the process of. According to the developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, children between the ages of three and five go through a stage called egocentrism. A schema is an organized unit of knowledge for a subject or event. In Piaget's theory, a schema is both the category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring that knowledge. “Assimilation” referred to incorporating environmental elements into a schema without. It has to do with how we organize knowledge. The Psychological Definition Of Assimilation. developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers. Piaget did not accept the prevailing theory that knowledge was innate or a priori. He was considered an important child development theorist back then. Schemata is a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. Piaget suggested that children pass through four stages of cognitive development, irrespective of their culture and gender. name the 4 stages of development and their ages. cognitive equilibrium, a state of balance between individuals’ mental schemata, or frameworks, and their environment. Jean Piaget coined the term assimilation to describe the process for how we add information or experiences into our existing structures of knowledge or schemas. He believed that schemas were constantly evolving as people took in new knowledge. For example, a child may have a schema about a type of animal, such as a dog. Assimilation refers to a part of the adaptation process initially proposed by Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development describes cognitive disequilibrium as a state of cognitive imbalance [ 1 ]. There are many different types. Remember that Piaget believed that we are continuously trying to maintain balance in how we understand the world. A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. 2. A schema contains groups of linked memories, concepts or words. Reversibility is a concept from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Instead, he believed a child’s knowledge and understanding of the world developed over time, through the child’s interaction with the world, empirically. Accommodation is adapting and revising a previously understood mental schema according to the novel. Emotional schemas are tightly integrated slot-filler structures of eliciting situations, subjective feelings, and expressive. Cognitive schemas, or mental representations, are discussed in Jean Piaget schema theory of cognitive growth. Each child is different, and some may display more than one schema while others. Schemas continue to change over time as people experience new things. This grouping of things acts as a cognitive shortcut, making storing new things in your long-term memory and retrieval of them much quicker and more efficient. Although according to piaget, children has simpler form of schema than the adults. However, gender is not seen as stable over time or across changes in superficial physical characteristics (e. Piaget discovered that working w "A schema is a pattern that a child loves to repeat in their play" (Harper, 2008). We argue that schema theorists have inadequately explored the issue of schema origination. The theory continues to inform researchers as they investigate discrimination,. Assimilation: Piaget used this term to explain ‘adding new knowledge’ to our knowledge bank (cognitive schemata). Schema helps explain memory processes of;define schema as "a data structure for representing the genetic concepts stored in memory ". salient features of schema theory, and we trace the origins of schema as a construct and as related to research in the literacy field. Schemas, Assimilation, and Accommodation explains Piaget’s theory of constructing schemas through adaptation. Citation. Schemas are like the. Schema: Definition och ursprung. 2 to 7 years old. Piaget’s theory is founded on genetic epistemology. Piaget's theory of childhood cognitive development indicates that children <8 years old do not achieve a logical thinking, hindering their ability to understand the questionnaire. How schemas are formed. that a useful distinction can be made between structural schema theories, that define schémas as static, long-term memory templates, and functional schema theories, that view schémas as. He described them as mental structures that help to organise past experiences and provide a way of understanding. George Boeree. As Anderson (1977, p. 2. Piaget schemas or schemata can be defined as cognitive bases and frames of references. 3. Key principles. The word operational means logical, so these children were thought to be illogical. Deprivation of Nurturance: Absence of attention, affection, warmth, or companionship. Swiss cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget relied on the concept of the schema to help formulate his theory of cognitive development. accommodation. If you have ever played a game of "peek-a-boo" with a very young child, then you probably understand how this works. You can read more about this schema here: The Transforming Schema. According to Piaget, we are pushed to learn when our existing schema do not allow us to make sense of something new. People, he believed, are constantly adapting to their surroundings as they learn new things and take in new information. Piaget's Schema & Learning Theory: 3 Intrigued Experiments. Termen schema introducerades första gången 1923 av utvecklingspsykologen Jean Piaget. Deze vier fasen zijn: (a) sensomotorische fase, (b) preoperationele fase, (c. The word operation refers to the use of. e. A formal definition of schema would be ''a way of organizing and grouping information in the mind. Piaget proposed four major stages of cognitive development, and called them (1) sensorimotor intelligence, (2) preoperational thinking, (3) concrete operational thinking, and (4) formal operational thinking. Piaget's Schemas and Learning Schemas are the mental representations of the world that are formed based on a person's active engagement with the environment. The article places Piaget's theory in the context of other psychological and epistemological theories that have influenced education. A schema is a category of knowledge, or mental template, that a child develops to understand the world. Schemas – A schema indicates both the physical and mental actions involved in knowing and understanding. Though they are similar words, they are not the same and they mean different. In Piaget's view, the purpose of intelligence was to help humans adapt to the environment. Schemas (or schemata) refer to a type of cognitive heuristic which facilitates our understanding of our environment. 7 to 11 years old. Object permanence describes a child's ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard. Assimilation referred to interpretation of events according to existing cognitive structures/schema. In the latter, a schema is derived from mathematics and is -- essentially -- a. schemas, frameworks, and more. During this stage, children can think. Orientation. A schema is the memory trace of a motor pattern (= motor trajectory in Core) that a speaker has used to successfully communicate a specific meaning (i. Piaget's four stages of intellectual (or cognitive) development are: Sensorimotor. Now let’s study some everyday examples of schemas. concrete operational. Anderson and Pearson (1984, p. As used by Piaget the term “schema” refers to a dynamic, self-producing system that is differentiated in functioning; its constitution over time is an aspect of the functioning of the embodied nervous system (it is not confined to the brain). (1932) and Jean Piaget (1952) in the early twentieth cen-tury to account for the role of an individual’s prior experiences in shaping presentSchema: Definition and Origins . According to his theory, a child would modify, add or change the existing schemas as new information or experiences occur. Jean Piaget defined several stages of cognitive development: sensimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational. schemata ). Schemas represent the categories of knowledge that help people to understand and interpret the world. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans acquire, construct and. Baldwin proposed that. a) Concept was first proposed by Piaget (1926) b) He suggested that cognitive schemas can be seen as specific knowledge organized and stored in memory and can be used and accessed when needed. Piaget: 1 n Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980) Synonyms: Jean Piaget Example of: psychologist a scientist trained in psychologyPiaget and the Sensorimotor Stage. He believed that people are constantly adapting to the environment as they take in new information and learn new things. We experience such a state of imbalance when encountering information that requires us to develop new schema or modify existing schema (i. Piaget defined a schema as the mental representation of an associated set of perceptions, ideas, and/or actions. Schemas are repeated patterns of behaviour which, over time and with lots of repetition and exposure develop into ideas and concepts. According to Piaget (1962), a slow schema change occurs to the point where existing schemas become untenable as valid representations of the experienced world. One of Piaget's theories involves the concept of schema and how it is used by children to understand the world around them. Vygotsky believed. These schemas, as patterns of behaviour, Piaget concluded, form the basis of children’s exploration and play and are a four-part process: 1. Schemas allow learners to reason about unfamiliar learning situations and interpret these situations in terms of their generalized knowledge. In Piaget's theory, a schema is both the category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring that knowledge. But the parent then corrects the child: “No, honey, it’s a cow. 1: Children studying. In the preoperational stage (two to seven years), a child can use words and manipulate them mentally. The preoperational stage occurs from. Such balance occurs when their expectations, based on prior knowledge, fit with new knowledge. 3. 4. Beliefs about emotion involve which emotions are acceptable, which emotions need to be controlled or suppressed, and how emotions reflect values. The Cognitive Perspective: The Roots of Understanding. A schema is a knowledge structure that allows organisms to interpret and understand the world around them. Later, they recognize that rules are created by people and can be negotiated, leading to a more autonomous and cooperative understanding of. However, schemata can influence and hamper the uptake of new information and cause memory distortion. 1: Jean Piaget. dependent on how the c hild interacts with the . Cognitive theories focus on how our mental processes or cognitions change over time. A schema is a knowledge structure that allows organisms to interpret and understand the world around them. A schema is an organising structure that helps clarify and categorise new information in our memory. Assimilation is taking in new information and fitting it into previously understood mental schemas. His theory is the result of intense investigation, specifically focusing on the nature and timing of events in life, by observing children engaging in specific tasks developed by Piaget. Piaget suggested we are born with a small number of sensory or motor schemas (3 examples) Sucking schema: reflex triggered by something touching a baby lips. In psychology, a schemes is a cognitive frame ensure helps organize and interpret information in to world around us. Lernen beruht in der Theorie von Jean Piaget auf einer Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Individuum und seiner Umwelt. The process of creating new schemas following interaction resembles the adoption process where a subject learns new knowledge building upon an existing knowledge base as described by Piaget and Cook ( 1952 ). Age. According to his theory, a child would modify, add or change the existing schemas as new information or experiences occur. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence. They’re also called “cognitive frameworks” as they are a system for categorizing and organizing information and memory. Stage. For example, a schema may be as specific as recognizing a dog, or as. Piaget considered schemata to be the basic building. Piaget's Schema & Lerning Theoretic: 3 Enchanting Experiments. Accommodation describes how we later adjust our schemas to better incorporate new experiences. It would later become incorporated into what became cognitive psychology. A schema is a mental structure that helps organize know-how into my additionally understand and interpret new request. Piaget described schemas as basic building blocks to understand the world and organize knowledge. Assimilation is the application of previous concepts to new concepts. Piaget emphasized the importance of schemas in cognitive development and described how they were developed or acquired. It begins at approximately age 12 and lasts into adulthood. Here are the substages: · 0 to 1 month: Reflexes – infants interact with their environment through reflexes like rooting and sucking. a key milestone is the development of working memory. Schemas and constructivism. He was the first to identify and define schemas as a means of constructing knowledge by stating that children organise their knowledge and understanding of the world into cognitive structures called schemas (Piaget, 1953, 1959, 1970). Piaget included the idea of a schema into his theory of cognitive development. Piaget po pular ized the ter ms “ assimilation, ”“ accommo- dation, ” and “ equilibration ” amon g the psyc hologic al scientific community, despite repeated criticism. the theory proposed by Jean Piaget that a child’s cognitive development occurs in four major stages. Psychology Press. their idea of what a puppy is changing to be a more specific definition. P. Decentering. Multicultural education model. Development of language, memory, and imagination. When the child visits a farm for the first time, they may see a cow. Although, Piaget was a biologist for many years he is most known for his work with child development. In fact, his Theory of Cognitive Development still is incredibly influential. A. Piaget’s Constructivist Theory and Four Stages of Development . They are created and developed as and when children interact with their physical and social environments [7]. Piaget was interested in how children organize ‘data’ and settled on two fundamental responses stimuli: assimilation of knowledge, and accommodation of knowledge. Jean Piaget began his career as a biologist - specifically, one that studies mollusks. Schema is a mental structure that individuals use to organize their knowledge about the social world around them. The process of accommodation, according to Piaget’s theory, involves altering one’s existing ideas (schemas) about how the world operates in response to new information and experiences. The theory of schema. Object permanence, or object constancy, in developmental psychology is understanding that things continue to exist, even if you cannot seem them. In order to adapt to the evolving environment around us, humans rely on cognition, both adapting to the environment and also transforming it. The metaphor I use to explain a “schema” is to imagine your mind is a filing cabinet, or your computer’s hard-drive. length of hair, clothes). Infants quickly develop a schema for. As we blend the existing. Constructivist pedagogy draws on Piaget's developmental theory. Definition of schema theory. It requires the organization of ideas, the ability to critique arguments, and examine the pros and cons of a wide range of issues. 6. This means the child can work things off internally in their head (rather than physically tries things out. Piaget's Stages of Development. Everyone is vulnerable to experience the full range of “problematic emotions,” including anger, anxiety, sadness, hopelessness, jealousy, envy, and resentment, but not. Piaget was a psychological constructivist: in his view, learning proceeded by the interplay of assimilation (adjusting new experiences to fit prior concepts) and accommodation. According to this theory, knowledge is a network of mental frames or cognitive constructs called schema (pl. Schemas, Assimilation, and Accommodation explains Piaget’s theory of constructing schemas through adaptation. Before going to a party, say a birthday party, we have a preconceived idea about what is going to. As infants, we are born with certain innate schemas, such as crying and sucking. Piaget's use of the apparently overlapping term "figurative scheme," the re-cent book on the mental image (Piaget & Inhelder, 1966b, p. The schema definition in psychology is the cognitive framework that allows a person to interpret a. An emotional schema is a particular totality of primarily affectively determined modes of responses and feelings toward people and events that can be transferred onto analogous situations and similar people. It is based on past experience and is accessed to guide current understanding or action. It is primarily known as a developmental stage theory, but in. grasping abstract concepts. Intelligence is both egocentric and intuitive. what is the motivation to learn. , a word). Schemas are often described as children’s fascinations. The theories of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget were, and continue to be, instrumental in understanding the cognitive development of children. Piaget had a very simplistic theory on schema development, in my opinion, compared to Vygostsky. The schema definition in psychology is the cognitive framework that allows a person to interpret a. , a word). Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development is called the preoperationalstage and coincides with ages 2-7 (following the sensorimotor stage). However, Bartlett's work only initialises the concept of schema; the introduction of schema in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has made it a common concept in psychology and. A schema is a mental structure that benefits organize knowledge into categories and understand and interpret new information. Piaget was interested in how children organize ‘data’ and settled on two fundamental responses stimuli: assimilation of knowledge, and accommodation of knowledge. The concrete operational stage is the third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. They are developed through experience and can affect our cognitive processing. 22 We excluded. It is based on past experience and is accessed to guide current understanding or action. Like Piaget, Bartlett also argued that memories are largely dependent on the use of schemas. . Piaget believed that the human brain has been programmed through evolution. Birth through ages 18-24 months. Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcers. Schema, a core concept of Piaget’s genetic epistemology, refers to the way the world is perceived, interpreted, and reflected upon. (Image is licensed under CC0) The concrete operational stage is defined as the third in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The starting assumption of this theory is that “ very act of comprehension involves one’s knowledge of the world ” 4). According to Woolfolk, Winne and Perry (2003), Piaget also introduces other important construct, named schema to the realm of psychology and education. Gender schema theory states that individuals tend to focus more on information relevant to their gender. Superglue the magnet to the top of the stick. Most people in. A schema is a preconceived idea that we use to interpret the new information. The adaptation process is a critical part of cognitive development. Cognitive theory of processing and organising information. Piaget believed that we are continuously trying to maintain cognitive equilibrium, or a balance, in what we see and what we know (Piaget, 1954). A schema is a category of knowledge, or mental template, that a child. Piaget’s theory centers around the ideas of schemas, or mental frameworks. Such balance occurs when their expectations, based on prior knowledge, fit with new knowledge. parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure. With rapid increases in motor skill and language development, young children are constantly encountering new experiences, objects, and words. However, they were learning to use language or to think of the world symbolically. 2. Piaget did not accept the prevailing theory that knowledge was innate. · 1 to 4 months: New Schemas – new schemas are formed through primary circular reactions. As we blend the existing. object permanence. If I come across new. 3) Help us simplify the world around us and make sense of our experiences. R. He theorized that, development predates learning. Baldwin’s definition of assimilation and accommodation shaped the understanding of many later scientists, including Piaget. 2. Schema activation is generally recognized as the process in which some textual stimuli signal the direction or. Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of the mind as an information processor. Piaget’s belief in child-centered learning was directly related to the theoretical idea of schemas. During the preoperational stage, many of the child’s existing schemas will be challenged, expanded, and rearranged. It is a. Preoperational stage: The second stage of development lasts from the ages of 2 to 7 and is. Their whole view of the world may shift. It was originated by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980). 7 to 11 years old. 2 to 7 years old. Key achievements include understanding. Schema refers to a set of knowledge that is built based on experiences. For example, 2-year-old Abdul learned the schema for dogs because. A sensorimotor schema is a psychological construct which gathers together the perceptions and associated actions involved in the performance of one of the habitual behaviors in the infant’s repertoire. Identify what type of developmental theory matches each theorist and identify key terms and theory aspects for each. cognitive equilibrium, a state of balance between individuals’ mental schemata, or frameworks, and their environment. Figure 1. Emotional schemas are tightly integrated slot-filler structures of eliciting situations, subjective feelings, and expressive and autonomic. Baldwin’s definition of assimilation and accommodation shaped the understanding of many later scientists, including Piaget. Definition. Es sind drei Grundbegriffe, mit deren Hilfe diese Wechselwirkung beschrieben werden kann, nämlich die Assimilation, die Akkomodation und die Äquilibration. Schema: the mental framework stored in memory containing basic knowledge about the concepts we know, used to guide perception, interpretation, problem solving, imagination and day-to-day interactions. Accommodation is the process of taking new information in one’s environment and altering pre-existing information in order to fit in the new information. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who created theories of cognitive development. McGraw-Hill. These interactions are known as circular. Piaget is a psychologist who focused on researching cognitive development, which led to her theory of equilibration. And Piaget said that this happened through the process of assimilation and accommodation. Cognitive Schemas. This schema is built through experience, where people compare what they see and experience with the. By doing this we achieve equilibrium; the. Abstract. Piaget’s stages of development are: Stage. 2. A figurative schema is recognized as the symbolic-imaginative support for aThe idea of schemas arose as part of the cognitive-developmental theories of Jean Piaget in the early 1920s, while a decade or so later the social psychologist Frederic Bartlett further developed the idea. Piaget called these frameworks schema. Piaget had a very simplistic theory on schema development, in my opinion, compared to Vygostsky. (1971). It helps us to see how gender is a category in the mind, which we call a schema. [23] (Also, See Appendix A). As with the more generalized. This schema is built through experience, where people compare what they see and. Learn more about how people work, plus examples. Accommodation: the process by which new information. According to Woolfolk, Winne and Perry (2003), Piaget also introduces other important construct, named schema to the realm of psychology and education. This stage is characterized as the period of a child’s life when learning occurs through a child’s sensory and motor interactions with the physical environment. , sucking, eye movements) to an infant with increasingly complex repetitive behavior (circular reaction) that eventually. Stage 1: Gender labelling. This process of accommodation is universal, applying to children as well as adults. Zusammenfassung. They can solve complex problems, think critically, and reason about concepts and ideas. This cognitive process involves the development and. g. Figure [Math Processing Error] 9. It extends from birth to approximately 2 years, and is a period of rapid cognitive growth. Jean William Fritz Piaget (UK: / p i ˈ æ ʒ eɪ /, US: / ˌ p iː ə ˈ ʒ eɪ, p j ɑː ˈ ʒ eɪ /, French: [ʒɑ̃ pjaʒɛ]; 9 August 1896 – 16 September 1980) was a Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development. Preoperational. When new information. 6 Practical Tips to Overcome Burnout and Regain Your Energy. Jean Piaget definition of the cognitive development is . Schema. Stage 2 – Primary Circular Reactions. Gender schema theory also holds that individuals will develop broader “gender theories” that they apply when they lack information. Stage 2: Gender stability. The theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence first developed by Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget proposed a four-stage model of psychosocial development. Preoperational stage: The second stage of development lasts from the ages of 2 to 7 and. The brain use such exemplars to organize information about an world. Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. The four stages of Piaget's theory are as follows: Sensorimotor stage: The first stage of development lasts from birth to approximately age 2. However, schema theory does not provide an account of the new representation one develops of a town as one travels through it for the first time. D. Piaget believed that children undergo four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stage. Need a respond to a new event by modifying the existing schema, so that it fits the. At this developmental stage, old. Definition. For a child in the preoperational stage, a toy has. Cognitive Schema Definition - A schema is a mental structure that serves as a framework for organising information about individuals, locations, things, and events. Pretend play is typically a favorite activity at this time. Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and. Schema. However, they were learning to use language or to think of the world symbolically. Schema. The four stages of Piaget's theory are as follows: Sensorimotor stage: The first stage of development lasts from birth to approximately age 2. The feeling that one is defective, bad. Piaget's theory states that as our brains mature, we build schemas or mental moulds into which we save our experiences. Piaget believed that egocentric speech was self-centered in nature. C. We develop an “evocation model”. Piaget’s stage that coincides with early childhood is the preoperational stage. Development. 14663. After observing children closely, Piaget proposed that cognition developed through distinct stages from birth through the end of adolescence. He believed that people are constantly adapting to the environment as they take in new information and learn new things. Moreover, for Piaget, this implies a process that improves existing structures and replaces temporally achieved. It may be seen in children, immigrants, and anyone at any stage of life who wants to evaluate and absorb new information. According to Piaget’s own definition of schema, from his 1952 book The origins of intelligence in children, they are,. C. If the child’s sole experience has been. Flamer, Measurement and Piaget. Jean Piaget, who coined the term, argued that we construct our ex. A schema is a pattern of repeated actions, which will later develop into learnt concepts. B. ' Vygotsky: 'No, I disagree. Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. According to Piaget, adaptation is a process through which we absorb new knowledge or adjust our cognitive schemas in the presence of information that cannot fit into the existing cognitive schema. Different types of schema create the wireframe for the world that we experience individually: self-schema, event schema, object schema, role schema, gender schema, and persona schema. These schemas, as patterns of behaviour, Piaget concluded, form the basis of children’s exploration and play and are a four-part process: 1. Sometimes the activities may seem a little strange or even irritating to adults, but to the child, it’s a necessary step in their understanding of the world and themselves. J Piaget. This promotes deeper learning and understanding. 1. 📧 Sign up for our FREE eZine: (or schemata) are a common concept i. According to Piaget, accommodation refers to A. Video 3. Piaget developed the concept of equilibration to describe how new information is balanced with existing knowledge. Piaget was an expert in the field of child development and throughout his career he spent a great deal of time studying how children learn new things and make sense of their environment as they grow and mature. Lev Vygotsky's theory of child development, known as the sociocultural theory, emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural context in learning and cognitive development. In psychology, a schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize plus interpret information in the world nearby us. Children will actively construct and create schemas (cognitive frameworks that organize and interpret information) which strive in order to make sense of the world around us. Schema A schema or scheme is defined as ‘a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information’ [5-6].